The system comprises several components, all centrally controlled from the mines main control room. The 10 deepest underground mines in the world the 10 deepest underground mines in the world. Mine development and design mine development must proceed considering all aspects of mine design. Great noligwa gold mine the vaal river region of south africa is home to the ninth deepest underground mine in the world. The history of real options real options emerged as an area of study shortly after the development, in 1973, of a model for managing and valuing financial options. Minto mine underground mine development and operations.
Johnson office of mine safety and health research national institute for occupational safety and health abstract. Minto mine mine development and operations plan 1 introduction this document serves as the mine development and operations plan mdop for the surface mining component of minto mine s phase vvi development. Summary you should now be familiar with some of the concepts and terms used for underground design in surpac. Sandvik offers a wide variety of extremely productive and reliable mining jumbos and mining development drill rigs for applications ranging from face drilling for smallscale mine development to largescale tunneling. Transportation facilities of some sort must be provided when underground work is begun.
Challenges in underground mine planning hyam rubinstein. Minerals and mining health, safety and technical regulations, 2012 l. This work resulted from close collaboration between industry and university in the fields of precompetitive research. Lateral development includes the inclined headings ramps and declines between levels. We are widely recognized as a leader in underground construction, known for our expertise in developing and equipping underground mines with innovative hoisting, elevator and vertical conveyance systems. The planned underground expansions to existing mines, as well as major new underground operations being looked at, means that achieving faster and more efficient development underground is as much at the fore as it has ever been. Underground mining is generally more selective than open pit mining. Mine engineers at the underground ore transfer station at the kakula mine, which is expected to be fully operational in april. Application of tunnel boring machines in underground mine. Minto mine qml0001 underground mine development and operations plan june 2014 1 background this underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of quartz mining icence qml00l01 for the development and mining of the underground at minto mine, owned by minto explorations ltd. In this months spotlight feature article, from the pages of the december 2011 issue of international mining magazine, editor paul moore looks. In the method of secondary extraction known as longwall mining a relatively long mining face typically in the range 100 to 300m but may be longer is created by driving a roadway at right angles between two roadways that form the sides of the longwall block, with one rib of this new roadway forming the longwall face. Review this chapter or consult the online reference manual if you are. Application of tunnel boring machines in underground mine development.
However,the oldest known underground mine,a hematite mine at bomvu ridge,swazilandgregory,1980,is from the old stone age and believed to be about 40,000 years old. Underground mine design, planning, and engineering srk. Reflecting the international and diverse nature of the industry, a series of mining case studies is presented covering the commodity range from iron ore to diamonds extracted by operations located in all corners of the world. Minto mine underground mine development and operations plan. Highvolume ducts delivering fresh air to kakulas underground workings through the 5. Monitoring and sampling approaches to assess underground coal mine dust exposures compares the monitoring technologies and sampling protocols currently used or required by the united states, and in similarly industrialized countries for the control of rcmd exposure in underground coal mines. Several new support systems have been developed in recent years for hard rock applications which have. Modern strategic mine planning, a new research initiative at the colorado school. This work resulted from close collaboration between industry and university in the.
Specifically, tabular hardrock mining exploits a wide variety of deposits that require various methodologies to safely mine the ore material. United states department anatomy forest service mine. Our mining team has extensive experience in both underground and surface mine design as a result of the many projects we have completed throughout the world over a large range of commodity types. More than 5,000 metres of underground development has been completed to date, which is consistent with the schedule laid out in the february 2019 kakula prefeasibility study. The idea is to connect up a system of declines, ramps, drives and possibly shafts, to minimise capital development and haulage costs over the lifetime of a mine. Support of underground excavations in hard rock is the most complete and uptodate manual for use in the design of excavations and support mechanisms for underground mines.
A new perimeter control blast design concept for underground metalnonmetal drifting applications stephen r. Underground mine development past and future ausimm. New support concepts for hard rock mining applications. This work analyzes the existing methods of calculating the parameters of blast hole drilling bhd in longhole stoping and considers the mining. Optimisation in the design of underground mine access. Support in hard rock underground mines 5 with the development of grouted or friction anchored dowels which are both economical and simple to install, the use of untensioned dowels has become very widespread in mining and will probably become the dominant rock reinforcement technique in years to come. Longwall mining overview introduction underground coal. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. This phase of the mining project has several distinct components. An underground mine consists of the portals entrance and exits to the mines, mains, submains, panels, and working faces. We deliver both track and trackless ramp and lateral development work by employing either our own extensive.
Tunnels, shaft and development headings blast design introduction tunnels, shafts, and raises are developed for a variety of purposes. There are different phases of a mining project, beginning with mineral ore exploration and ending with the postclosure period. Our lead engineers have key operations experience holding positions such as vp of operations, vp of development, mine superintendent, director of engineering, as well as operations foreman and shift. Support in hard rock underground mines 5 with the development of grouted or friction anchored dowels which are both economical and simple to install, the use of untensioned dowels has become very widespread in mining and will probably become the dominant. Classification of underground mining methods mineral production in which all extracting operations are conducted beneath the ground surface is termed underground mining. A new perimeter control blast design concept for underground. Illumination of dredges underground mine design and mine entries 127. Underground sites are punishing environments, demanding a flawless focus on safety and quality. Underground drilling and blasting training dvd acg. Risk and reward mineral exploration and development are investigative activities prior to mining.
Based on current economic inputs, the paper investigates at what point a vertical shaft would be more economical than a decline system utilizing. Modern underground coalmining methods can be classified into four distinct categories. Underground drilling and blasting training dvd acg youtube. Surface and underground mining methods are briefly depicted in chapter 4. Model mining development agreementtransparency template. Development for underground mining is generally more complex and expensive. Underground mine development remains as one of the most important factors in cost effective mining. When any ore body lies a considerable distance below the surface, the amount of waste that has to be removed in order to uncover the ore through surface mining becomes prohibitive, and underground techniques must be considered. It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. The development of the infrastructure for the stoping methods is. Underground mine development and operations plan march 2014 6 1 background this underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of the quartz mining licence qml001 for the development and mining of the underground mine.
These may or may not be retained as mine development expands and ore production begins, but they are likely to prove inadequate after the mine comes into part or full production. The scope of phase vvi is mainly the addition of new openpit and underground reserves and their. Chapter 5 depicts surface mine development, chapter 6 presents case studies to. The traditional drill and blast method remains the least expensive and most practical. Foreword anatomy of a mine was first prepared in looseleaf form to aid forest service land managers and other administrators with mineral area responsibilities. Minto mine mine development and operations plan 1 introduction this document serves as the mine development and operations plan mdop for the surface mining component of minto mines phase vvi development. Front matter monitoring and sampling approaches to. The bore, fire and muck approach remains, in the late 20th century, as the predominant method of underground development, despite intense efforts over the. Thus, hand tramming and hoisting in buckets or in small cars on cages may serve. The material summarized legislation affecting mining, defined mining terms, and dis. Often the extraction of coal from the seam during mine development is called first mining.
Shafts are also used in civil construction projects. Underground mining methods are usually employed when the depth of the deposit andor the waste to ore ratio stripping ratio are. Outcrop barrier design specifications must be included in each permit application that involves expansion of underground mining area typically scp revisions and some ibrs. Introduction niosh is actively researching ventilation layouts to help. By the new stone age,humans had progressed to underground mining in systematic openings 2 to 3 ft 0. The mine is currently operating at 0m depth, but recent exploration shows that the ore body extends beyond 2000m. Depending on the mining method, a working section can have one or more working faces. With a combination of efficient rock drills, robust booms and advanced controls, these machines will meet even the most. Underground mine design, planning and engineering maximize your ore reserve value by using our operating expertise to customize your mining plan we have years of firsthand underground mine engineering and operating experience in most countries and across multiple commodities using all common mining methods. This underground mine development and operations plan umdop has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of quartz mining licence qml0001 for the. This paper presents the case study of a deep underground mine.
Obligatory activation of face sweeping device in development works. Basic ventilation system underground where d is a ventilation door or airlock, r is a mine regulator and 1, 2, 3 are working places with a surface exhaust fan. The panels are the working sections of the production operation. To maintain adequate ventilation through the life of a mine, careful advance ventilation planning is. We will open files containing this data into graphics, then use various editing and point creation tools to create the underground mine design. Oversize yield in underground mine development international. These development projects range from substantial new mine development programmes to mine expansion and refurbishing projects. Preferred solutions are identified through detailed mine engineering and tradeoff studies. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores of gems such as diamonds or rubies. Pdf optimisation in the design of underground mine access. Cigta and saffet yagiz and levent ozdemir, year2001.
Extreme care must be taken in decisions because of the complexity and cost involved and the most crucial matters include a mining method selection once underground mining method is selected then selecting the exploitation method is the focus. Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals such as ore containing gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, tin and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for. Introduction niosh is actively researching ventilation layouts to help the underground stone industry meet and surpass diesel. Underground mining methods presents the latest principles and techniques in use today. Pdf application of tunnel boring machines in underground. Mineoptima software tools under development uno a strategic planning tool which finds the best tree structure for an underground mine development umoid underground mine optimal infrastructure designer incorporates ventilation and escape way development into the dot like optimisation of declines. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. Counting against underground mining are the costs, which, for each ton of material mined, are much higher underground than on the. Underground levels are accessed by vertical shaft and two ramps. This paper describes the implementation of the three methods with respect to their use in mines of various levels of development.
Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Oct 23, 2012 the australian centre for geomechanics has developed this safety training dvd for underground metalliferous mine workers. Underground mines 63% of all coal produced east of the mississippi is from underground mines in all states east of the mississippi, except indiana and tennessee, the majority of coal production comes from underground mining activities 9% of all coal produced west of the mississippi is. A critical safety component for all underground mining is intrinsic and standing support systems. Various forms of continuous development have been proposed with some of the earliest conceived centuries ago. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit. Figure 1 shows a schematic mine layout for an underground mine as an explanation of common mining terms. Development consent underground mine section 89e of the environmental planning and assessment act 1979 iwe grant consent to the development application referred to in schedule a, subject to the conditions in schedules b to x. Brainstorming sessions with our clients at the project scoping stage foster innovation in bringing out project development alternatives for analysis and ranking. Basic engineering design and costing for the underground mine at kakula recently has been completed. The rewards of successful exploration and development can be large, if a mineral deposit is discovered, evaluated, and developed into a mine. Minto mine qml0001 underground mine development and. Lateral development for underground hard rock mines, the term lateral development means the horizontal headings in a mine,such as drifts and crosscuts on a mine level. Underground mine design, planning and engineering srk.